Deep inside the forests of West and Central Africa, this shrubby, evergreen, woody vine holds some heart-stopping secrets! Strophanthus preussii and its 39 other relatives in the same genus have seeds, sap, and roots with variously toxic compounds called cardiac glycosides that can cause heart failure in minutes, if introduced directly into the bloodstream!
Since pre-historic times, various tribes and people have used preparations of sap and pounded seeds, and roots, from members of this genus, often collectively called poison arrow vines, to make poisons to coat spears or arrows with, some of which are used to hunt and bring down animals as large as elephants! These toxins are poorly absorbed by the intestines, making the meat of animals killed by these arrow poisons safe to eat.
The dose makes the poison, and modern medicine is using ouabain - one of the most toxic of these plant compounds - to treat heart failure, low blood pressure, and atypical heart rhythms, and as anti-tumour compounds. Researchers have even discovered humans make and release small quantities of ouabain from the adrenal gland, leading to studies exploring its possible role as a human stress hormone.
This cluster of four flowers shows three newly-opened white flowers and one older one with corolla lobes changing to pale yellow.
One might also say the flowers of this species are just as heart-stoppingly beautiful, with their colour-changing fused petals (corolla) that starts white and changes to cream, pale orange, or yellow as the flowers age. At the tips of each of the five lobes of these fused petals is a thread-like maroon tendril that can reach up to 30cm in length. The evolutionary purpose of these tendrils is yet a mystery. Perhaps these tendrils act as perches or visually-attractive elements for their equally mysterious pollinators.
Not only does this plant have extremely long corolla (fused petal) tendrils, but its corolla itself is long and tubular, suggesting its mystery pollinators may be butterflies. Butterflies are known to pollinate other members in the same genus and have long, straw-like mouthparts called probosces that can reach into flowers of this shape, picking up and depositing pollen in the process.
Find these vines and their unique flowers planted along the southwestern boardwalk of Dragonfly Lake, along with other members from the same frangipani family (Apocynaceae), such as the pong pong tree (Cerbera odollam)
Got a free weekend morning to smell the roses? Come on our free, expertly-guided A Sensory Stroll: What’s that Smell? tour and discover the rose allamanda (S. gratus), a rose-scented cousin of this plant, and seven other fascinatingly fragrant plants as part of our Nature and Sustainability Tour series! Go to our tour webpage or Eventbrite to register today!
Written by: Janelle Jung, Senior Researcher (Research and Horticulture)
A transplanted pake (Hawai'i-born Chinese), she's finding her own Singaporean roots. Every plant has a story, and Janelle helps discover and share these with colleagues and guests, hoping to spark a mutual plant passion! Ask her what plant she named her cat after!